Reseach Paper on Hurricane Ike Essay Example

Reseach Paper on Hurricane Ike Essay Example Reseach Paper on Hurricane Ike Essay Reseach Paper on Hurricane Ike Essay lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia likewise on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico toward the south Damages from Ike in U. S. oastal and inland regions are assessed at $29. 6 billion (2008 USD), with extra harm of $7. 3 billion in Cuba (the costliest tempest ever in that nation), $200 million in the Bahamas, and $500 million in the Turks and Caicos, adding up to a sum of at any rate $37. 6 billion in harm. Ike was the third costliest Atlantic typhoon ever, behind Hurricane Andrew Hurricane Andrew was the third most impressive tropical storm to make landfall in the United States during the twentieth century, after the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 and Hurricane Camille in 1969. f 1992 and Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic storm season was the costliest cataclysmic event, just as one of the five deadliest tropical storms, throughout the entire existence of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic tropical storms, it was the 6th most grounded ge nerally. of 2005. The tropical storm additionally brought about the biggest clearing of Texans in that states history. It turned into the biggest pursuit and-salvage activity in U. S. history. Because of the power of the tempest, Texas shut a significant number of its compound plants and petroleum treatment facilities. Since a significant part of the United States oil refining limit is situated in Texas, the closings caused a brief increment in the costs of fuel, home warming oil, and petroleum gas. Increments were especially high in North Carolina Nort particularly in the mountains, where normal North Carolina is a state situated on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state fringes South Carolina and Georgia toward the south, Tennessee toward the west and Virginia toward the north. North Carolina contains 100 areas. Its capital is Raleigh, and its biggest city is Charlotte costs were as much as 60 pennies higher than the national normal. The end of processing plants so not long after Hurricane Gustav, and the time required to restart creation, likewise brought about deficiencies of fuel in such places as the Carolinas and Tennessee, incompletely because of frenzy purchasing. Primer post-storm harm evaluates in the US were put at 18 billion US dollars Panic buyin Panic purchasing is an uncertain regular use term to portray the demonstration of individuals purchasing strangely a lot of an item fully expecting or after a catastrophe or saw debacle, or fully expecting a huge cost increment or deficiency, as can happen before a snowstorm or typhoon or government 2008) as expressed by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Tragically there were numerous that didn't tune in to the notice of the up and coming tempest because of a bogus clearing only half a month prior to that of Hurricane Ike from another tempest that missed the territory. Numerous individuals didn't accept that the tempest was going to turn and that they would be sheltered. Individuals, I accept, have gained from Hurricane Ike and understood that you have to take each departure genuine and ensure yourself and your family. Assets: http://beach front. er. usgs. gov/tropical storms/ike/post-storm-photographs/list. php recovered on June 15, 2011 absoluteastronomy. com/themes/Hurricane_Ike recovered on June 15, 2011 nasa. gov/mission_pages/tropical storms/files/2008/h2008_ike. html recovered on June 15, 2011 The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ordinarily alluded to as the ABC , is Australias national open telecaster

An Analysis of Prue By Alice Munro Essay

â€Å"Prue† is the fundamental character of the story and is depicted by the storyteller as a lady who means to turn into the genuine individual that she needs to be notwithstanding all the circumstances that she is really associated with at present. Her comprehension of her job as a lady is appeared through the changed encounters that she needed to manage in her life. It begins with her being separated from her first spouse with whom she bore youngsters to. Her youngsters I the story are as of now grown an are independent, causing her to show up as a lady who is attempting to do the trick her own needs through filling in as a lounge area lady in Britain and at present a Toronto assistant. She is a lady of good comical inclination who can deal with life’s challenges in a much positive methodology that makes her more exceptional than other ladies of her age. Thinking about this specific reality, it is obvious that she has continued with her life issues with much positivism and quality in dealing with her fantasies in offset with what she has right now. Her contribution with Gordon, a man with his very own spouse however, gave her a somewhat insecure status with respects her passionate standing and her relationship with the said man. Significantly, such issues have not been appeared by the character of Prue as something that is straightforwardly influencing her and her development as a lady. Rather than really being profoundly included, she at that point takes a few trinkets that are neither costly nor a lot of useless from the man that she loves and kept them in a tobacco tin where she kept different keepsakes from her past encounters and others she met with in her life. Subject Statement (a) Women are exposed to numerous difficulties throughout everyday life and as people; they have various methodologies in confronting such issues. For Prue, concealing her feelings was likely her procedure of confronting life. Complexities of the Story Ladies are known for their ability of dealing with numerous errands simultaneously. Serving the individuals that they love and as yet being the individual that they should be is one of the essential things that ladies are for the most part worried of. In the narrative of Prue however, the said portrayal of ladies has been quite centered around causing a known recognizable proof of how ladies to endeavor to get adequate for themselves as they become separated from their youngsters to whom they owe duty. Justifiably, such status in life makes the character of Prue rather shows a lady who can endure life through ignoring a portion of the essential things that she needs to do like composing letters to her kids to make an association with them despite the fact that they have all developed and are now having their very own period lives. The creator, Alice Munro really gave the story a few clarifications in regards to the portrayal of Prue missing inside the plot of the story. Likely, this complexity isn't at all unintentional. The writer essentially needs the perusers to fill themselves in, into the shoes of Prue and in this manner have the option to understand the sort of individual that she is in their own specific manner of comprehension. It is through this that the writer could really include the character of the perusers inside the character depicted by Prue inside the story. Component recognizable proof The component of feeling has been calmly precluded from the clarifications of the various circumstances that Prue needed to manage as she trod a mind-blowing excursion. Munro has normally made the story increasingly complex as far as clarifying what is as of now evident inside the plot. Besides, Munro utilized the various components of womanhood to really show the various issues that are engaged with ladies managing the genuine circumstances in life that they are confronted with. Connections and obligations really shape the character of ladies all around the globe. The portrayal of Prue’s character in the story cold really be noted to directly affect the way Alice Munro herself needs to enable the perusers to comprehend the portrayal of ladies by and large. She at that point intends to tell the perusers that ladies are people who are needing their own character that isolates them from the others. Not at all like her very own normal lady, it could likewise be noticed that Prue’s character in the story call attention to an unprecedented person who could go through funniness to cover what she truly feels about a specific circumstance that has been introduced to her by life. Her contribution with Gordon has been treated by Prue as an advantageous encounter that has built up her development and comprehension of connections. Despite the fact that it has been so much muddled thinking about that Gordon has a spouse and as yet experiencing divorce procedures, she despite everything figured out how to get the best out of such close to home and personal association with a man. Prue’s character demands in introducing a sort of lady who can deal with the challenges in existence in view of so much good faith. It is through this specific procedure that the lady attempting to develop inside Prue’s character started to uncover as the story advances towards the end. Naturally, such an issue is introduced through the ways by which she utilizes silliness to shroud her feelings. It could be seen that through the foundation of the character of Prue in that specific state, she has become an encapsulation of a lady who attempts to turn into the genuine individual that she needs to be in spite of the considerable number of encounters that she needs to look with in her life. The regularities of the various difficulties that she meets with ordinarily, busy working, with her relationship with her kids, with her relationship with the man she venerates, her character stands apart to be somebody who can control her feelings and still develop out of the way that she feels torment inside her. She realizes that every one of these occasions are a piece of life that should cause her to develop towards the individual that she plans to turn into. Significantly, Prue’s character is introduced as a standard person who have had odds of managing their errors and their confinements in existence with the utilization of good faith and assumed shrewdness in understanding life as it presents a great deal of difficulties en route. Through this, Prue’s character reflects the capacity of people to utilize funniness and self assured person to endure life’s ridiculously from time to time. Naturally, the various impacts of connections and passionate connections just as duties upon the self-improvement of ladies could really be comprehended through the portrayal of how Prue really met with the various issues that she needed to deal with in her life as a lady, as a mother, as a specialist and as a darling who wants for little more than the best for her and for those whom she adores.

6 Books to Read if Youre Thinking of Becoming a Freelance Writer

6 Books to Read if You’re Thinking of Becoming a Freelance Writer When I first started thinking about becoming a freelance writer, I did what any avid reader would doâ€"I started finding and consuming books on the topic. Not all of the books were directly related to freelance writing. Some of them were just general writing inspiration or tactics for starting your own business. And some of them only peripherally had to with taking this leap but were written by authors who discuss their struggles with getting a writing career off the ground. I found the books extremely inspiring and useful when first beginning my career. Here were the top six books I recommend if you’re thinking of taking this leap yourself. Big Magic: Creative Living Beyond Fear by Elizabeth Gilbert While I did thoroughly enjoy Elizabeth Gilbert’s infamous novel Eat, Pray, Love, I was skeptical of an inspirational book written about creative living by this same author. But I was very pleasantly surprised. This book isn’t just about writing, but as she is a writer, a lot of the advice and stories surround the writing world. But what this book does is so much more than give you rote advice on how to be a better writer; its intent is to inspire everyone to live a creative life. In whatever way that resonates with them. I found a lot of inspiration from this book, and it did encourage me to look at what could be possible instead of just sticking with the practical like I tend to do. Scratch: Writers, Money, and the Art of Making a Living edited by Manjula Martin This book really gets to the heart of the debate most writers will have at some point in their career: do I want to make money or art? Can I do both? It is a collection of essays written by some incredible modern authors such as Roxanne Gay, Cheryl Strayed, Yiyun Li, and Susan Orlean. The essays don’t so much offer a perfect path to how to be a writer, but are personal stories of how each of these authors got to be as successful as they are. I found it inspiring to know that some of the authors I emulate the most, also struggled to pay their bills at the start of their career. And often for many years after that. It’s a beautiful collection that seeks to offer a dose of reality along with a ton of inspiration. You Are A Badass by Jen Sincero This book was probably the number one book that helped me take the leap to quit my day job and try out freelance writing full time. For some it can definitely be a bit “woo-woo” but that I think that was exactly what I needed at that point in my life. This book isn’t really about writing at all. It’s more the story of Sincero and how she went from being horribly in debt to starting a business and thriving. It’s a common story these days, but she tells it in a very interesting, heartwarming, and inspiring way. She also offers tips and tricks along the way to make a similar change in your own life. A lot of it is about positive thinking and manifestation, but she doesn’t think that’s all it takes. It takes work and a lot of it, but it all starts with shifting your mindset. Something we can all do to remember throughout our lives. This is one of those books that I’ll probably reread once every five years or so, just to remind myself that it’s all gonna be okay. Free Within Ourselves: Fiction Lessons for Black Authors by Jewell Parker Rhodes This is an extremely important book because it is very true that a lot of this genre of books is dominated by white women. While this book certainly wasn’t targeted for my demographic, I found reading about the craft of writing from a different perspective very enlightening and engaging. The book is also one of the more practical and helpful on this list. It walks you through writing exercises and gives you assignments such as a list of books by famous black authors to read. She addresses the whitewashing that often comes part and parcel with studying writing in school and attempts to correct that narrative by broadening the scope. The book is really perfect for beginning writers looking to delve into the world for the first time, but can also be helpful in honing your craft and exposing you to examples of truly beautiful writing by African American authors. The Artists Way by Julia Cameron This book is a classic in the art world for helping artists of all different mediums reconnect with their craft and find inspiration every day. It walks you through a 12-week journey to find the connection between your spiritual self and your creative self. Two of the major tenants of the 12 weeks are morning pages and artist dates. Morning pages are great for writers, but she encourages people of all disciplines to wake up and write three pages in a journal every day. Artist dates are intended to help you find inspiration. Throughout the course there are tons of exercises and activities, so this book is fantastic if you’re really looking for some help structuring and want to be walked through a little inspirational journey. Bad Feminist by Roxanne Gay This book isn’t really about writing or inspirational in any kind of direct way. It is simply a collection of essays Roxanne Gay wrote throughout her career, many of which are from quite early on. I included this here because I think that this book helped inspire me by giving me a glimpse of what kind of stuff I can write, even if no one is responding to my pitches. A lot of the essays included here Gay originally posted on her blog. For me, it was helpful to see a writer that I admire greatly and follow her journey from an unknown name to one of the thought leaders we often turn to for a wide variety of issues.

John Locke Core Belief - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1066 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: John Locke Essay Did you like this example? John Locke values the idea of natural right, which he divulged in his book Two Treatises of Government. A shown in Sophocles play Antigone the character Creon idealized the opposite philosophy. The idea of natural right, as developed by John Locke is that all people have the right to life, meaning, having a basis of equality within a society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John Locke Core Belief" essay for you Create order the liberty of basic freedoms, and the right to property. On the other hand, Creon, the king of Thebes leads with an iron fist, and in his own foolishness gets everyone he cares about killed. Transition. The character of Creon in Sophocles play Antigone illustrates the importance of John Lockes core belief in natural right of life, liberty, and property.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Locke grew up in the 1630s and 40s in Wrington, Somerset, England with his father and brother and was raised as a Puritan (John Locke Biography). Unlike many children of his time, Locke received an outstanding education because his father served as a captain in the British Civil War (John Locke). He graduated Westminster School in 1648, earning the rank of being king scholar. Afterward Locke attended Christ Church, Oxford In 1658. While there he studied medicine and natural science under the wing of Robert Boyle, founder of the royal society. Later in 1666 Locke became a member of this society. In 1674 Locke graduated with a degree in medicine, and began working as a personal physician to Lord Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury. Over time, the two became great friends and Locke became more like Lord Ashleys political adviser. Locke also went with him to some political affairs in France. Even in 1683 when Lord Asheley was exiled and fled to holland, locke joined him. Later in 1689 after the downfall of King James in 1688 Locke returned to England and finally began to document his ideas and core beliefs (John Locke Biography).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the year 1690 John locke published his first book Two Treatises of Government. This was a collection of over twenty years of intellectual work and self reflection, aimed to inquire into the origin, certainty, and extent of human knowledge, together with the grounds of belief, opinion, and assent (John Locke Biography). In it, Locke recounts his stance on the overthrowing of King James the previous year. He said it is the duty of the government to protect its citizens natural rights, these include, the right to life, liberty and property. He believed in the formation of a government these rights were protected. Locke also stood by the notion that the government is decided by the people, not through divine right (Littell, 25). Lockes natural rights of life, liberty and property in the form of a democratic government is most important for society today. He said it is the duty of the government to protect its citizens natural rights, not feed off them due to divine right. We can see t hat here in the United States government because Locke inspired founding fathers like Thomas Jefferson to write the constitution. Some may argue that Lockes Opinion are too anti monarchy but it needs to be considered how he was raised and how the government of his time treated him and those around him. Locke grew up during the british civil war, so he experienced how the war affected even those not on the front line. His father was a captain so his family was given many privileges including an education beyond the average citizen. This gave him time in his developing years to ponder philosophy. Over time he grew fond of the idea of natural rights given by the government to ensure the safety of its people. He also felt it was important to have a system in which the people can overthrow the government when the king is not doing his job to represent and protect the people. The core belief of John Locke is that all people under a government have a natural right proves essential when compared to how Creon the new king of Thebes in Antigone rules. As soon as Creon takes rule of the city of Thebes after the death of Polynices and Eteocles, he has strict policies and refuses to take others opinion into consideration. despite several omens sent from the gods he keeps his foot down and refuses to see any way other than his own. This comes back to bite him when everyone he had loved dies a gory death. While fighting with Antigone about performing the burial ritual on Polynices, he remains stubborn and unwilling to see reason stating, You will see! The toughest is first to break and decides to also punish Antigones sister Ismene, for the crime as well her sister will not now escape the utmost penalty (Sophocles 211). From this point forward Creon is enraged and abuses his power against Antigone by not listening or respecting her morals. On the other hand John Locke thinks it is the duty of the ruler to serve the people it is impossible that the rulers now on earth should make any benefit (Locke 105). Locke firmly stands by the notio n if a ruler or king does not uphold the duty of protecting his peoples right to life, liberty and property the people may overthrow him. The reason Creon did what he wanted and hardly even listened to the council is because as king whatever he said goes. But he comes to regret it later, therefore by providing the country with the authority to speak out, Creon could have avoided much hardship. Earlier in the play Antigone, after Creon had just heard the news of Polyneices burial he attacks Sentry, the man only responsible for bringing the information to him Either you find the man who did this burial or Hades itself will be too good for you (Sophocles 203). This tyrant behavior that creon is exposing about himself only shows that he cares less about what happened and more about making an example of someone who disobeyed him. This directly violates John Lockes social contract in which makes the community, and brings men out of the loose state of Nature into one politic society (Locke 197). How Creon treated the people of thebes shows why John Lockes ideas of natural right are so important to society. The tyranny of Creons rule and the fact that no one could stand in his way goes to show that instead of watching a ruler or king have their way unt

Outline and Discuss in Detail the Various Theories Used by...

The following essay will outline and discuss the various theories used by psychologists to explain criminal behaviour. According to White and Haines 2008 crime was seen as the result of externally caused biological problems or internal psychological factors that were treatable. They believe the criminal was made, not born. Psychological theories tend to focus on how characteristics of an individual lead to criminal behaviour, however these theories may also be irrelevant, challenge existing thinking and make people and institutions think. The Oxford Dictionary 2003 defines psychology as ‘the study of the nature, functions and phenomena of behaviour and mental experience.’ More specifically, it is the study of people and Williams†¦show more content†¦The main division in learning theories is between behavioural theorists and cognitive theorists. Behaviourists claim that people learn by trial and error through associating stimuli with responses whereas cognit ive theorists believe people learn through associating memories and ideas as part of a problem-solving process (Jones 2006:411). There are three main accounts as to how individuals learn by way of association. Pavlov (1927) described the simplest method of classical conditioning. He argued that learning can take place by association in circumstances where the subjects are purely passive and simply learn from the environment. Skinner (1938) associated himself with operant learning and his writing had major impact on the development of behavioural psychology. He believes operant learning is a more useful device than classical conditioning as the subject is active and, by the use of rewards and punishments, has to learn how to obtain what it wants from the environment. Neither of the above two learning theories are dependent on subjects having any understanding of the process in which they are engaged in. The final explanation of learning by association, the social learning th eory, combines operant learning with aspects of cognitive psychology. It claims that behaviour is reinforced not only by rewards and punishments, but also by observing the behaviour of others. One of the leading advocates of the social learning theory is AlbertShow MoreRelatedApproaches to Organisation and Management19498 Words   |  78 PagesAPPROACHES  TO  ORGANISATION  AND MANAGEMENT Organisational  behaviour  is  a  discursive  subject  and  much has  been  written  about  it.  The  study  of  organisations  and management  has  therefore  to  proceed  on  a  broad  front.  It  is the  comparative  study  of  the  different  approaches  that  will  yield benefits  to  the  manager.  The  study  of  organisations,  their  structure and  management  is  important  for  the  manager.  Identification  of major  trends  in  management  and  organisational  behaviour,  and the  work  of  leading  writers,  provide  a  perspective  on  concepts Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations

Fundamental of portfolio management Free Essays

The equity risk premium is the excess return required by investors to compensate risks of holding a stock rather than holding a â€Å"risk free† asset. Jason ,2011) Under the Capital Asset Pricing model: , risk free investments involve borrowing and lending among investors and borrowing positions offset by lending positions, therefore let Y = and representative investor’s risk aversion be . (Bodied, Kane and Marcus, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamental of portfolio management or any similar topic only for you Order Now We rearrange this equation , indicating the equity risk premium is influenced by average risk aversion and variance of the market portfolio. It’s obvious that when risk aversion of investors and variance of market portfolio increase the equity risk premium will goes up, and vice-versa. There are many empirical evidences show that during the Global Financial Crisis the volatilities of market increase, for example Chewer (AAA) have recognized the increase of volatilities in stock markets during financial crisis. Besides, according to the research of Steven, Michael and Bob (2011) derived from trades in options on the SP/ASX 200 index showed that the implied volatility climb up during the SGF and reach the peak in 2009. The increase of stock market volatilities not only represent the increase of risks (Karol 2011 and Brooks 2001) but also have negative relationship with risk aversion. (Chewer 1989 and Carney 2000). There are some events can be summarized in mention of an increase in risk aversion, for example after the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in September 2008 the stock market price hardly dropped and the bank lending dramatically decreased, consistent with this there was a overshooting of risk aversion. Paolo, John and Chairs,2011) In conclusion, during the SGF both average risk aversion and risks of market increased, therefore the equity risk premium went up. Part D The keenness in the distribution of returns has became important in asset pricing because the traditional mean-variance measurement cannot fully characterize return behaviors (Samuelsson 1970,Campbell and Hence 1992;Circler and Huber 2007). This report will discusses the importance of keenness in returns in asset pricing with he respects of investors’ preference for positive keenness and aversion to negative keenness, which asset pricing factors may be a proxy for keenness, the distinction between keenness and co-keenness in returns, and some researches include behavioral finance researches will be provided. What is keenness and why it’s important Keenness is a measure of the asymmetry of probability distribution around its mean. Positive keenness has more probability distribution towards positive value, while negative keenness has more probability distribution towards negative value. The skewed distribution of asset returns was first point out by Dominant(1985), and it caused by the asymmetrical reactions of investors to goods news and bad news from companies. Chem.., Hong and Stein (2001) argued that there was another reason The main reason for the increasing importance of keenness in returns is that the unrealistic assumptions of traditional mean-variance framework. The mean-variance measurement assumes the returns are normally distribute and quadratic preference, however it rarely happened in real word, therefore the insemination of expect returns and risks may exhibit. According to the finding of Roll(1977) and Ross( 1977) that the portfolio used as a market proxy is inefficient, the Sharper’s CAMP have been suggested as invalid. It’s also supported by Bernard and Allotted(2000) that the (unadjusted) mean-variance measurement Sharpe ratio can lead misleading conclusions. For overcoming this bias Parka’s and Bear (1986) and Leland (1999) have developed performance measure incorporating keenness. Besides, Harvey and Suicide (2002) and Krause and Litterbug (1976) have recognized the importance of keenness that systematic keenness and conditional keenness are important to asset pricing since hey characterize the true distribution of asset returns. Furthermore, in traditional mean-variance framework such as Capital Asset Pricing Model there is only a single efficiency risky asset portfolio. While accounting for the mean-variance-keenness in returns, there are multiple efficient portfolios, which could be considered to provide diversification portfolios. (Harvey and Suicide,2000) Investor’s preference for positive keenness and aversion to negative keenness The positive skewed distribution has a longer tail on the higher-return side of the curve, while the negative skewed distribution has a longer tail in the lower-return did. The asset with negative skewed returns distribution has greater risks that the returns will decrease than what the standard deviation measures, and for positive skewed distribution there are fewer risks the returns will decrease (Mini, 2011) Theoretically, investors have preference toward positive keenness and aversion toward negative keenness, since increasing positive keenness will decrease possibility of large negative rate of returns. There are many literally evidences show the preference of positive keenness, for example in 1967 Aridity presented that rational investors with reasonable utility functions should prefer positive keenness in the distribution of investment returns†. Following Aridity (1976),Chinchilla et al. (1997) and Parka’s et al. (2003) have recognized investors’ preference for positive keenness as well. What’s more, investors show their preference toward positive keenness in gambling, lotteries and entrepreneurship (Thomas, Jose and LU-Santos, 2009). Nevertheless, some investors exhibit preference for negative keenness in real life, here investor is not only represent individual but also economic agent. Prefer repertory investment is a an example of negative keenness preference, which with reasonable average yields but a small chance of heavy losses, to the opportunity of recouping the original cost(Maker, Nicholas, Dominic and Raymond addition, economic agents facing a stream of stochastic monetary payoffs will show preference for negative keenness (Nazism, 2004). This also supported by Richard â€Å"economic agents may prefer negative keenness under some certain conditions† (Richard, 2010). From the research of Harvey and Suicide (2000) we can know that negative keenness receive higher return. In their research they assumed investors require payment for negative keenness, and excess returns could be result from the market inefficiency. The higher return of negative keenness may be a reason that in some circumstance investor will prefer negative keenness. Although investors expect the returns of asset exhibit positive skewed distribution, commonly the returns are negatively skewed distribution, since investors react to good news and bad news from corporations asymmetrically. It’s explained by Dominant (1985) who first pointed out the skewed distribution of asset returns, and he reposed that the increase of stock price caused by good news is to some extent offset by the increase in the risk premium, which is required by higher volatility. For the decreased stock price caused by bad news is amplified further by the increased in the risk premium. Which asset pricing factors may act as a proxy for keenness The traditional mean-variance CAMP use beta to measure the systematic risks, and there are lots of studies suggest that the beta can’t fully capture the systematic risks. Ban (1981) suggested market capitalization ,and Fame and French (1992) proposed kook- to-market ratio have relationship with the cross-section of stock returns(Chi- Hoist ,2006). There are many debates about whether asset pricing factors such as size and book-to market ratio may be acting as a proxy for keenness. The SMB factor measures the spread in asset returns between small and large size firms, and the HIM factor measures the spread asset returns between high book-to-market ratio and low book-to-market ration assets. In the research of Harvey and Suicide(2000) they found that when adding keenness alone or Jointly with HIM and SMB to portfolios had similar results, therefore they lamed that book market ratio (HIM) and size (SMB) factors can be act as a proxy for keenness. Recently, Chunk Johnson and Shill (2007) also proposed that SMB and HIM are proxies for higher-order moments, and the Fame and French factors could be superior. However, there were some probabilities of errors in variables in their research. Conversely, Smith (2007) applied the condition three-model factor, which was proposed by Harvey and Suicide (2000), he argued that there was little impact on the price of market beta after adding the size(SMB) and the book-to-market(HIM) actors when the conditional keenness has already included in the model. The study of Jail(2004) showed that the conditional keenness plays an important role in stock market (HIM) factors. Even though there are many arguments about the extent those SMB and HIM assets pricing factors act as a proxy for keenness, as least from the studies of Chunk Johnson and Shill (2007) and Jail (2004) we can conclude that the SMB and HIM those non-market factors can’t completely act as a proxy for keenness. Distinction between keenness and co-keenness in returns Keenness is a measure of the asymmetry of probability distribution around its mean or a single asset, while co-keenness measures the symmetry of a variable’s probability distribution in relation to another variable’s probability distribution symmetry, which provide estimation of risks of assets connect to market risks. Theoretically, investors show their preference towards positive conciseness that present the asset has higher possibility of extreme positive returns than market returns. Thus, jocoseness also plays an important role in asset pricing, and there are many studies support it. The studies of Harvey and Suicides (2000), Smith (2005) and Errand and Sys (2005) provided evidence that the conditional jocoseness can help explain the cross-section of stock returns. Baron-Ideas (1985) and Limit (1989) suggested the pricing of jocoseness. Moreover, jocoseness extends capital asset pricing theory to some extent. The study by Krause and Litterbug provided the evidence that jocoseness can be regarded as a supplement to the covariance measurement of risks in explaining the returns on individual NYSE stocks and in the process to interpret the other discrepancies between returns, and the returns when take the NYSE stocks on the whole. Conclusion In conclusion, keenness in returns plays an important role in asset pricing, and there are many researches can provide evidence for it. For example, the studies conducted by Campbell and Hence (1992) and Harvey and Suicide (2000). How to cite Fundamental of portfolio management, Essays

Influence of Media on political advertising

Table of Contents Introduction Media and political communication Media and democracy Influence of media on campaigns and elections New Media and political advertising Conclusion Reference List Introduction Present American campaigns and elections depend highly on political advertising through the media. In the recent past, there have not been campaigns and elections without political ads on television. Political ads are now a main tool and vehicle in elections.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Media on political advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This does not however mean that all political campaigns have to use media. This means that media is a tool with which political advertising is very effective and reaches many people (Schultz, 2004). The main role of media is to give information and entertainment. However, media has an effect on different institutions including cultural, politica l, and even social institutions. Moreover, the media companies receive a big percent of their income from advertising (Biagi, 2011). Riaz, 2010 adds that one of the significant branches of Journalism and Mass Communication is political communication. Political communication entails the use of media by political parties and even governments to get support from the public especially during election times or any time they require public support. It is easy for government to provide the required information to the public using the internet and new media. Citizens receive the information the government want to convey while they also air their grievances and concerns to the government. Consequently, the media will always be part of any society since it will challenge and even aggravate. Although media can invite, manipulate, and irritate, it cannot work dependently. Media is sparklingly attractive; its style is captivating and its power frightening. Therefore, only a few people can pride of being able to resist its distractions and charm (Behnke, 2010). In the modern world, the society is moving on the tips of the fingers since it is the era of web. There has been a drastic change in the society today since introduction of the new media technologies. Moreover, the new technologies have not spared the old print and electronic media. The development of new technologies is present in both developed and developing countries.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the evolution of technology has effects on the political communication. There is a rampant use of internet and mobile phones in the election campaigns. This means that media effects political behavior both in developing and developed countries (Riaz, 2010). Media and political communication Politics main purpose is to change people’s minds and change it completely. In the political system , the only channel to reaching citizens is through the media especially internet and television. Media is an articulated system, which, the original information comes from print media before television circulates to the majority of the audience and the radio modifies the communication. Therefore, without media there is no politics. The political systems mainly use the media to popularize themselves and get support from the citizens (Castells, 2007). Political communication ensures that the media those covers easily those in power and put their messages across. On the other hand, the media is more interested in the elites. Presently, if a candidate does not receive coverage by most media houses then his political policies will be less popular. This means that the candidates featured easily in the media remain the most popular politicians (Wolfsfeld, 2011). According to Hermanns 2008, the use of mobile phones is slowly gaining popularity since it occurs as a wider context of democracy by building of networks. Media and democracy Democracy is a common phrase in the modern world. However, democracy is only possible in a society that has freedom of discussion and information. Therefore, free media is a crucial part of the democratic society. In this context, media provides a platform for open discussions while organizing political debates. New media technologies thrive in such atmosphere where there is democracy and participation (Riaz, 2010). However, new does not have a major impact on the national politics compared with traditional media. The use of internet as a form of democracy is contradictory in many nations. The first way to feel the effect of media is through cultural diversity before coming to election. In this case, democracy in most societies refers to a culture of citizenship or specific structure of governance (Thorburn, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Media on political advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Influence of media on campaigns and elections Politicians and their political campaigners have extensively used media to campaign for elections. In addition to this, they have used media to sell their agenda to the wider public. In some instances, politicians use the media platform to measure up with each other during campaigns. In this case, the politicians engage in fierce debates especially in national televisions. Here, they get a chance of selling their ideas and convincing the voters that they are the preferred candidates as opposed to their rivals. In addition, the interviewers put them to task in explaining their positions and opinions in certain critical issues affecting the wider public. In essence, such questions help the voters to gauge the candidates and make wise decisions (Schultz, 2004). Swanson Mancini, 1996 adds that politicians consider the periods of election campaigns as the most important periods of thei r career. In addition, the voters value this period because it helps in selection of good leaders and gauge the politicians against important national issues. The media, especially social media and televisions provide a good platform where the public and politicians realize these issues. It is only through the media that politicians can engage in healthy national debates and give the voters a chance to ask them questions. The media is also a very powerful tool in shaping and determining the progress of political contest. Each politician wants to reach as many voters as he can for assurance of winning. Since such politicians may not have the resources and time to tour all the parts of his country or region, they use media to reach many people. Most politicians make every effort to ensure that their campaign messages pass through most of the media houses. This is because not all people watch particular media house, but each has a preference. As a result, a single politician may reach thousands or millions of voters through advertising on media. In some instances, most of the politicians vying for various posts are not popular among the voters. However, when such politicians advertise through media, it may be surprising how they may get an overwhelming support from the public (Wolfsfeld, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of social media for political advertising completely changes political cultures of some regions and countries. Various researches indicate that over fifty percent of voters in many countries use the internet to gauge political candidates. It is also in the social media where many voters influence each other on the direction to vote. In this sense, voters may mobilize other voters to vote for a certain candidate. Other researches indicate that the media, especially social media influence the voting decisions of about forty percent of voters in developed countries. Some politicians also create pages in social media where they post their agendas and political policies. Politicians use the social media because they know that the biggest percentage of voters is between twenty years and forty-five years (Thorburn, 2004). Behnke, 2010 indicates that social media is a very powerful tool for political advertising. He adds that social media is emerging and developing at a very faster rate and that many people has easy access to it. This is because with current technologies of smart phones, tabs and pads, most people can access social media whenever they are and in whatever they are doing. There are very many social media sites today, and they have a great influence since they reach a great number of people. Many people use social media sites for socializing, posting advertisements, posting news, and making new friends. New Media and political advertising New media is very beneficial to the citizens. They help the citizens to choose the information they want and communicate with each other or their representatives directly without any influence of the editors. In addition, the new media provides fast access to information compared to the traditional media. The citizens also enjoy improved means of searching and storing information. Moreover, the new media helps the citizens enjoy the right of privacy because they can now access information directly without any influe nce of third party. New media is more democratic in that they allow citizen’s direct participation hence reducing the cost of money and time (Tambini, 1999). Schultz, 2004 asserts that political campaigns through the media can promote or break a political candidate. In some instances, there are some advertisements that portray negative qualities of a candidate. Other advertisements seek to attack certain politicians directly. The media is a platform where candidates sell their agenda as well as attack their opponents to taint them among the voters. On the other hand, political advertising through media can make a candidate popular even if he may have been less popular. Blogging is another powerful way in which media affects political advertising. The extent of many blogs portrays political messages. Most politicians use bloggers to generate messages that politically attack their opponents. Moreover, such blogs create good messages that directly or indirectly praise certain ca ndidates. It is evident that most political bloggers affect and influence how people make decisions during voting. In some instances, some bloggers create a negative picture of some politicians. Most voters incline to what the internet and media says about politicians. This is because there is no other way that voters can know their leaders and political candidates other than through the media (Hermanns, 2008). It is evident that media is a very powerful tool, with which various cultures and sub-cultures use to sell their ideas. In addition, many groups use the media to promote their culture and beliefs. Moreover, culture shapes political environments of any country, hence affecting political decisions. Various cultures also use media to promote and sell their agendas as they support and represent certain candidates from that culture or ethnic group. There are media houses that are exclusively for certain ethnic groups especially in less developed nations. The politicians who come f rom these ethnic groups use such media houses to compel people from their culture in supporting them. This causes fierce political battles between various media houses that support certain candidates of their own ethnic groups (Kahn Kellner). Castells, 2007 argues that even though media does not hold the power of any political culture, they influence the decisions made in bringing politicians to power. In many societies today, politics depend on political advertisement through media. This is because there is advancement in technology and more and more people are using the media in one way or another. The media is very powerful because it portrays both physical and intellectual pictures of political candidates. In this sense, media might popularize a candidate even though such a candidate was not popular among the voters. In addition, through political advertising, the voters may learn some behaviors as well as political agendas of candidates. This may lead to the voters trusting a certain candidate or developing distrust in another candidate. Even though media is a very powerful tool in political advertising, there are some limitations of media in delivering effective and wholesome political campaign. In this sense, political campaigns should target all ages of people as well as both literate and illiterate people. In addition, political advertising should reach both the poor and the rich. Some people are illiterate or too old to rely on the internet or social media for selecting their suitable candidates. Moreover, some people have limited resources to access social, print, and electronic media. This limits the wholesome effectiveness of media as a tool for political advertising (Riaz, 2010). Conclusion Media is a very powerful tool in political advertising. As technology advances in terms of social media and internet, most politicians are increasingly using media in political advertising. Media is useful in shaping democracies and political communications. In addition, most politicians are increasingly using media for political contest and campaigns. The social media and the internet are the most powerful forms of media for political advertising. In addition to these, electronic media in form of televisions and print media are increasingly popular for political advertising. Media has also some limitations in political advertising. It is not wholesome effective in relation to illiterate people, people who cannot access the media easily and old people. Reference List Behnke, P. (2010). Social Media and Politics: Online Social networking and Political Communication in Asia. Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Biagi, S. (2011). Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media. Hampshire: Cengage Learning. Castells, M. (2007). Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society. International Journal of Communication, 1(1), 238-266. Hermanns, H. (2008). Mobile Democracy: Mobile Phones as Democratic Tools. Politics, 28(2), 74–8 2. Kahn, R., Kellner, D. (2004). New media and internet activism: from the battle of Seattle to blogging. New media and society, 6(1), 87-95. Riaz, S. (2010). Effects of New Media Technologies on Political Communication. Journal of Political Studies, 1(2), 161-173. Schultz, D. (2004). Lights, Camera, Campaign: Media, Politics, and Political Advertising. New York: Peter Lang. Swanson, D. L. Mancini, P. (1996). Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: An International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Tambini, D. (1999). New media and democracy: The civic networking movement. New media society, 1(3), 305–329. Thorburn, D. (2004). Democracy and New Media: Media in transition. Cambridge: MIT Press. Wolfsfeld, G. (2011). Making Sense of Media and Politics: Five Principles in Political Communication, New York: Taylor Francis. 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